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Military-macho violence is a militarized view of masculinity that associates manliness with the excessive use of aggression, force and violence. Weapons are used as status symbols and to acquire social and economic hierarchy by employing power over unarmed civilians.〔 Soldiers who exude any qualities deemed to be feminine are seen as weak and often end up being attacked and ostracized. Many societies, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo generally place the means of violence— military training, and weapons—in the hands of men, while promoting a direct link between the idea of a real man and the practice of dominance and violence.〔 == Background== Beginning with colonization, economic factors have contributed to the culture of violence that has dominated the DRC. In 1908, under King Leopold II, the “methodical rape of entire villages” was a popular tactic used by his administration for keeping the local population in order.〔 After gaining independence in 1960, the Democratic Republic of Congo was marked by political and social instability.〔 In 1965, during a coup, Colonel Joseph Mobutu took over and remained in power for the next 32 years.〔 During the 1990s, Mobutu’s regime witnessed a large influx of refugees after the Rwandan genocide, many of which included genocide perpetrators.〔 The perpetrators were able to rearm themselves and were immediately organized by ex-(FARDC) Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo leaders.〔 In an effort to prevent future attacks from the newly formed group, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) soldiers joined together with (AFDL) Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire forces under the leadership of Congolese rebel commander, Laurent Desire Kabila.〔 The group was responsible for killing thousands of unarmed civilians.〔 In 2001, after the assassination of his father, Joseph Kabila took over as leader.〔 A rebellion erupted in the same year. As a result, an estimated 4 million people died in the competition for control over the DRC's natural resources.〔 Attempts to stabilize the peace process have failed.〔 Insecurity is perpetuated by the remaining militia groups, which include the Mai-Mai.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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